BY SAI LATT, GUEST
CONTRIBUTOR
JUNE 10, 2012
Last week Australian
Foreign Minister Bob Carr told Radio Australia that his government would
monitor democracy and human rights in Burma. Of course, this is welcome news,
but the Australian government needs to be mindful of a new dynamic of human
rights violations in Burma. The current peace building initiatives between the
government and ethnic armed groups in Burma are not enough anymore;
ethno-religious and inter-
communal relations must
be taken seriously in order not to derail the current political reform. For
human rights abuses and violence are committed not only by the state but also
by different ethno-religious groups against each other. Racism and racial profiling
in the media deserve careful attention, and the transnational nature of
fostering ethno-religious intolerance as part of the new dynamic of human
rights need to be addressed.
As I was writing this
piece, communal riots just broke out in Maungdaw district in Arakan State.
Breaking news came quickly, indicating that ‘Bengali’ [the term the media and
the public now use for Rohingya minority group] have burned ethnic Rakhine
houses in various villages, and have killed at least 6 people. The President’s Office
also released information on the event, while a senior official from the
President’s Office has been updating his Facebook status. My reading of his
status messages is that the country’s national security is in great danger, and
that the state is on alert for effective actions.
The mainstream media has
been reporting that a mob of many hundred ‘Bengalis’ started the incident,
storming houses, burning down villages, and killing people.
Only very rare
alternative information have made its way to the public, saying that the
Muslims returning from Friday prayer were mistaken by the police to be rioting
and therefore were shot. The initial tension was between the Rohingya and the
police, and the riot spread from this. Some other alternatives indicate that
the state security forces have been the perpetrators against Rohingya. Both
sides are giving consistent information of their own, but independent
confirmation is unavailable so far. In this contribution to New Mandala, I will
illustrate the recent history of the riots.
I have already noted on
New Mandala about some Arakan’s [Rakhine’s] racist campaign against Rohingya on social
media websites, mostly Facebook. I also noted that it is open and public and
that it has a genocidal tendency.
On 3 June 2012, this
campaign turned really ugly. A mob of 300 Rakhines, Buddhists from Tounggout
Township in Arakan State, stopped a bus and beat to death 11 persons traveling to Yangon. Ten
were Muslim travelers, one of whom was a woman who was sexually assaulted
before being killed. One other Buddhist was killed as he was mistaken for a
Muslim. None of the victims were Rohingyas whom Arakan called ‘illegal’
immigrants from Bangladesh. This incident frustrated the country’s Muslim
population that felt even more insulted when the state media referred to the
victims as Muslim ‘Kalar’. This is a derogatory term used for Muslims, those of
South Asian descent, or “black-skinned, undesirable aliens”, as Dr Maung Zarni
has noted.
This massacre was said to
be a response to the rape-murder of a 26-year- old Arakan woman on 28 May 2012,
allegedly by three Muslim men. But the story is much more complicated.
The ongoing campaign and
the media
As I noted in my earlier
New Mandala post, the anti-Rohingya campaign began with intensity in November
2011. As the campaign continued, the unclear, confusing and even non-sense
ethno-religious categories such as Rohingyas, Burmese Muslims, ‘Kalar’, ‘Muslim
race,’ and ‘Islamic race’ became even more blurred. With such confusion, the
common target became anything ‘Kalar’: Muslims, Rohingyas, South Asians, Islam.
The campaign also started
representing Burmese Muslims [i.e. Muslims in Burma, or Burmese citizens of
Islamic faith] as foreigners who came to Burma during colonial times only to
take advantage of the country. The spreading discourses of racism increasingly
deny and undermine the long political history of Burmese Muslims.
Then came two incidents
within two weeks of the byelection in April 2012. A mob led by Buddhist monks
and members of Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League fpr Democracy demolished a
mosque in Hpakant, Kachin state. At the same time, another mosque in Magwe
Region, central Burma, was demolished by a mob that also destroyed the homes of
local Muslims and looted their properties. Initially, this was part of business
competition between Win Naing, a Member of the Parliament from the ruling Union
Solidarity and Development Party, and Muslim business families (particularly
one extended family). The MP, losing previously monopolised ferry business
contracts, instigated a religious riot so that he and his colleagues could take
back business licenses from the Muslim family (ferry business, taxation and so
on). Law enforcement officers were simply watching as the riots took place.
The country’s Muslim
population was frustrated since the mainstream media was completely silent on
these attacks. Myanmar News Now (MNN), a single person-run
website, but a very popular one, published a news report indicating it as a
daylight “robbery” by a mob. Unclear reports confused people who thought that
about 300 Muslims violently looted and destroyed the properties of local
people. Anti-Muslim messages sprung up on Facebook accusing Muslims such as the
quote below.
“How come the so-called
democratic government is not doing anything when these Kalar came to our
country and insulted us like that?”
Myanmar Muslim Students
and Youth (MMSY) sent a complaint letter to the media both in Burma
and in exile, and the Burmese media started reporting on the incident. Though,
it is unclear whether the action of the media has anything to do with the
letter. Nonetheless, usage of ‘Kalar‘ by the media (particularly by one media
organisation) upset the Muslims.
Being misinformed, Daw
Aung San Suu Kyi commented on Radio Free Asia’s Burmese Service telling the
people not to fight with each other. This added to Burmese Muslims’ humiliation
as they did not fight, but are being attacked and insulted because they are left
unprotected. No other pro-democracy activists, human rights advocates, and
politicians condemned the attacks.
Transnational campaign:
Who is involved?
Hostilities against
ethnic Rohingyas and Burmese Muslims are not new. They were rooted in dictator
Ne Win’s time since the 1970s. But the current racist campaign is distinct from
the past. It is not simply a state-sponsored project anymore. AsChris Lewa from Arakan Project noted on
Radio Australia, it is difficult to say that the government is behind the
current campaign.
The campaign now is a
public and transnational movement orchestrated openly on social media websites.
Thousands of people from the Burmese diaspora in Australia, US, Canada, UK and
other European countries have joined this campaign. These participants include
some pro-democracy and human rights activists who migrated to these countries
as refugees and asylum seekers. Many are now citizens of these countries.
Some comments and
self-published articles speak of such murderous language as killing all
‘Kalar’. Some blame dictator Than Shwe for not eradicating all Rohingyas and
Muslim populations from the country. Insulting messages using bad languages and
sexually sensitive words are quite common. The followings are two examples that
are less inappropriate to illustrate the point here.
“Penis Kalar, F!@# Kalar,
Dog Kalar, Pig Kalar”
“You Kalar even F!@# your
mother and your babies”
The campaign is so severe
that such comments and postings have been littered on thousands of Facebook
walls and pages. Thousands of Burmese-speaking Facebook users are exposed to
them every single day. Many Facebook groups such as “Kalar
Beheading Gang” appeared one after another. While it is possible to
report abuse to Facebook, there were few Burmese Muslim Facebook users who
would report to Facebook. Even when they did successfully, new groups keep
appearing frequently. The campaign looks very cheap, but it goes on.
Surprisingly, some of
Burma’s famous film directors and celebrities are also involved. Director Cho Tu Zal who
is seeking asylum (?) in the US is at the forefront of the campaign. He has
5,000 friends and more than 2,000 subscribers on his Facebook account; many
hundreds support and re-distribute his anti-Rohingya and nationalist postings.
Similarly, a top film
star named Min Maw Kun referred to Rohingyas, in a recent traditional staged
sitcom, as black-skinned, big-belly, and hairy “Kalar” who marry many Burmese
women. Maung Myo Min, one of the most popular film directors in Burma, directed
the sitcom, which is available on Youtube and shared on Facebook. The star’s
portrayal of Rohingyas resembled a comment by Burmese Consul-General to Hong
Kong, Ye Myint Aung, who said in 2009 that Rohingyas were “ugly as
ogres”.
While Buddhism is known
to be a peaceful religion, some relatively junior monks are at the forefront of
the campaign. One monk in particular is Ashin Wirathu, who was responsible for
2003 religious riots in Kyautse, central Burma. He is known for preaching
extremism in the name of protecting ‘race and religion’, including his call for
mandatory Buddhist education in all educational institutions. Without any
statistical data, he accused Muslims for committing more rapes than members of
other faiths. His extremism led the critics to call him the “Taliban Monk”.
Other junior monks
studying Buddhism in Sri Lanka and elsewhere are also spreading made-up stories
such as the one in which Muslim men forcefully marry Buddhist men’s wives.
Respected and senior monks in the country have been trying to stop the
campaign, but it continues. To my knowledge, similar stories [and short
Facebook comments] are being written and distributed by so-called right
activists based in the US, UK and Canada. These accounts are stirring people’s
anger and reinforcing the idea that Kalar are trying to take over the Buddhist
nation.
Although there is no
single organisation or individual formally leading the campaign, the campaign’s
patrons are Arakan nationalists such as Dr. Aye Chan from Kanda University of
International Studies in Japan, the late Dr. Aye Kyaw from the United States
and historian Khin Maung Saw based in Germany. Dr. Aye Chan’s infamous book
about the ethnic Rohingya was titled Influx Viruses: The Illegal Muslims in
Arakan.
Muslim responses
Campaigns against
Rohingya and Muslims on social media have existed since the Internet became
available in Burma in 1999. But these intensified in November 2011 when Cho Tu
Zal (allegedly the first person to do so) highlighted BBC’s 2010 article on Rohingya.
While Rohingya activists
have been consistently lobbying western governments for support, Burmese
Muslims, with few exceptions, have been silent on the racist campaign. Although
frustrated and humiliated, they hoped that it would fade away sooner or later
as democratic reform proceeds and that the reform would allow them to address
the issue through the parliamentary process. The lack of action is partly because
the Muslims are politically too weak and immobilized during the past decades.
While Islamophobia is
growing in the country partly as a result of state-sponsored campaign against
Muslims in the past three or four decades, the Muslim communities have failed
to reach out to the Buddhist majority and foster better relations or address
the majorities’ concerns. Moreover, the Muslims have not been able to address
the issue of confusing South Asian cultural traditions with Islamic religion,
which helps sustain the majority’s view of Muslims as aliens. While
politico-religious extremism is not an issue, the communities have not been
able to address the Muslims’ hypersensitivity to issues such as handling pork
or address everyday community relations, in which Muslims appear ill behaved.
Emerging youth groups have been trying, but their actions have been ineffective
due to the lack of financial and human resources.
Most importantly,
perhaps, although Burmese Muslims do not seem to be enthusiastic about supporting
Rohingyas’ status as an ethnic group of Burma, they are not able to make
visible the distant between themselves and the Rohingya, as they doubt that
anti-Rohingya campaign is also an anti-Muslim one. In other words, the idea of
Muslim brotherhood is not relevant to the relationship between Rohingyas and
Burmese Muslims; they are not completely antagonistic to each other either.
Likewise, although religiously motivated terrorism is not a significant issue
in Burma, the Muslim communities have been unable to act on some Rohingya
groups that have been accused of having connections with Al-Qaida. The Muslims
communities are politically too immobilized to do the tasks anyway. This has an
important implication on the relationship between the Buddhist majority and
Muslim minority.
On the part of Rohingya
activists, their insistence on the group being an official ethnic group of the
country only sustains backlash from Rakhines and majority Burmese. They have
not taken on the so-called ‘illegal’ immigration, making the majority Burmese
to insist on immigrants and Burma-born Rohingya being the same. In short, the
meddling of ethnicity, religion, ‘illegal’ immigration and citizenship has been
left unaddressed.
There are politicians,
activists, and journalists from Muslim communities who are working within the
mainstream. When the mainstream completely ignores them in times of need, the
Muslims find themselves too paralyzed: they have no representatives to act on
their behalf nor do they have their own leaders, organizations/parties, or
media. Realizing that the mainstream political movement is only inattentive to
their needs, Burmese Muslims started responding to the racist campaign after
the April incidents. Some predicted that sectarian violence would break out soon
if the media and mainstream political organizations did not control the racist
campaign. Their cry for help, however, only falls on deaf ears: the media and
human right activists assumed that the campaign on Facebook was not worth
addressing.
Yet, the campaign has
already redefining political spaces, citizenship and inter-communal relations
manifested in the 3 June 2012 massacre, which was a strong reaction to a
rape-murder case of a 26-year-old woman in Rambre Township.
Triggering public anger
What actually triggered
public anger? It may have been racial profiling by the ethnic Arakan news
agency, Narinjara, established in 2005. When the rape incident took place, the
agency published news identifying the accused with their Islamic faith. In its Burmese
language news, the incident was presented as if Muslims [read aliens] were
threatening local people, and now they have raped and brutally killed a woman.
The words – Muslims, Kalar, Islam – were repeatedly used in its news reports.
The news spread and people started talking about it in terms of Kalar and “Lu
Myo Char [i.e. different race/people or alien] insulting our woman”.
Interestingly, Naranjara
and Facebook users started talking about the accused rapists as Kalars even
when the backgrounds of the accused were still unclear. Information from
alternative sources shows that the main accused’s father was born into a
Buddhist Rakhin family, but a Muslim couple adopted him after his parents
abandoned him at birth. However, his father and the couple died. He became a
spoiled kid with a criminal record showing multiple violations. Whether he
practiced Islam or not, and his ‘Rakhin-ness’ [if so] were not considered.
Instead, news reports portrayed the case as an insult by Kalar. I have not
noticed The Narinjara or other agencies specifically blaming Rohingya for the
crime. (Note: I do not seek any identification of ethnicity with criminal
activities. My intention here is only to point out racial profiling).
As the news spread,
genocidal comments also appeared one after another such as the one below.
“Bad Kalar. We already
allowed them to live in our country. Now they have raped and killed our woman….
If we just watch, we will end soon. Unless we take initiative and plan to end
Kalar men and women, Rakhine people will end” [his word choice “Myo Ton Aung”
literally means the end of race/ethnic kind].
Ignoring the complaints
from Muslim groups and individuals, the agency continued publishing news in
similar fashions until 2 June 2012 (a total of five news reports). Initial
erratic reporting of the victim’s age as 16-years-old (instead of 26-years-old)
contributed to stirring people’s anger dramatically.
On 3 June 2012, the angry
mob at Taunggot stopped a bus and killed 11 people [There are reports saying
that the culprits were not local residents. Some were holding communication
devices that are normally used by security officers]. Surprisingly, although this
massacre humiliated many Burmese (Muslims and non-Muslims alike), there are
still many who openly justify the violence. Some Facebook users even offer
money to those whoever would rape and kill Muslims in Arakan State. It should
be noted, though, that it is still unclear to what extent the Facebook
campaigns and comments actually fed into the communal riots.
A new issue emerges
As the country tries to
address the issue, another problem has been introduced: citizenship. Burmese
Muslims are being treated as second-class citizens and the discourses of racism
are increasingly portraying them as Lu Myo Char [different race/people]. When
the massacre took place on 3 June 2012, the state run media referred to the
victims as “Muslim Kalar”. When Muslims in Yangon protested against it, the
Information Department corrected its usage to “Members of the Islamic faith who
are living in the country”. This raises a question of whether the state
recognizes Muslims as citizens. An open letter, submitted to President Thein
Sein by Burmese Muslim Associations, raised the concern that the state media’s
new usage downplays their citizenship status and that “living in the country”
only signifies their “guest” status. [The complicated identity crisis of
Burmese Muslims, now Myanmar Muslims, has a long history in Burma. I hope to
contribute this topic to NM in the future.]
As these issues
pre-occupied the Burmese home and abroad, the government has established an
investigation committee for the 3 June 2012 massacre. Five major Islamic
organizations in Burma have issued a joint statement, urging Muslims to calm
down and not to protest. The Muslims in the country seem calm.
On 8 June 2012, however,
riots broke out in Maungdaw district, which is a Rohingya majority area.
Previously idle media organisations started distributing breaking news. Weekly Eleven, a Yangon based-agency, for
example, that completely silent on anti-Muslim riots in April and the 3 June
2012 massacre has been posting breaking news every minute.
Campaigners started
distributing information associating Rohingya with terrorists, and speculating
that foreign interventions (including from Bangladesh) are behind the scene. In
the evening, leaders of influential 88 Generation Students declared that
Rohingya is not an ethnic group of Burma. The government has issued Curfews in
Maungdaw and Buthitaung (another Rohingya area) in Arakan State. Some fear that
the military government is returning to power in the name of ‘keeping the
country together’.
To summarise, the above
chronology of the 3 June 2012 massacre illustrates that violence cannot be
limited to state abuses. Instead, any attention to human rights issues in Burma
needs to be serious about racism, inter-ethnic and religious relations, the
role of the media and its code of conduct, transnational racist campaign on
social media websites, and finally citizenship issues. The Rohingya problem has
already troubled both Burma and its neighbors near and afar.
If the Australian
government engages with Burma on human rights issues, the very first step,
requiring minimal effort, will be to get Burmese-Australian citizens off the
racist campaign who are one way or another fostering racial and religious
intolerance in Burma. The next step is to support peace education programs
through Australian educational institutions in order to foster critical
understanding of issues involving ethnicity/identities, migration, conflict,
nation-building, and citizenship. This educational support must be available to
the general public, but not be limited to scholarships designed for few of the
country’s brightest and most privileged. Finally, the government should
initiate and support offices that can effectively monitor human right cases and
ensure the prosecution of perpetrators.
Sai Latt is a PhD
candidate in Canada.
Source here
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