Some 15 million people worldwide are stateless and without rights, but the UN hopes to change that
Rejected by the countries they call home and denied the most basic of rights, stateless people live in a shadowy limbo - in the words of one such person, like being "between the earth and the sky".Up to 15 million people are stateless, not recognized as nationals by any country. They are some of the most invisible people on the planet - an anonymity the United Nations hopes to lift
A Rohingya boy bathes in a common bath place in a refugee camp in Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. In 1982, Myanmar passed a law that made it impossible for Rohingyas to get full citizenship. Many fled to Bangladesh in 1991 and 1992 following a government crackdown. Today, an estimated 800,000 Rohingyas live in Myanmar, and up to 300,000 in Bangladesh.through an international campaign it launched Thursday to highlight their plight.
"One of the big problems we have is that this simply is not recognized as being a major issue globally," said Mark Manly, head of the stateless unit at the UN refugee agency UNHCR.
"In the media there's very little discussion, in universities there's very little research and in the UN, until relatively recently, there hasn't been a lot of discussion either, so the effect of all that is that we still have major gaps in our knowledge," Manly told AlertNet, a humanitarian news service run by the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Statelessness exacerbates poverty, creates social tensions, breaks up families and destroys children's futures. In some cases it can even fuel wars when disenfranchised people pick up weapons, as has happened in Ivory Coast and Democratic Republic of Congo.
Yet only 38 countries have signed the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness which marks its 50th anniversary on Aug. 30.
One of the largest stateless groups is the Rohingyas, a Muslim people of South Asian descent refused citizenship by the Myanmar government. Hundreds of thousands are scattered throughout Bangladesh and Southeast Asia.
NO PEACE OF MIND
"There are no countries in this world for Rohingyas," said Kyaw Myint, 44, now living in Malaysia. "Even animals can have peace of mind, but for the Rohingyas, because we are stateless, there is no peace of mind."
The effects vary by country, but typically stateless people are barred from education, health care and formal employment. They often can't start a business, own property, hold a driving licence or open a bank account. They can't get married legally or travel abroad to work or visit family.
And they can't vote, which means they can't elect politicians who might be able to improve their lot.
Being stateless is like being "between the earth and the sky", said Mohamed Alenezi, a bedoun from Kuwait.
"You are here and not here," added Alenezi, 42, who now lives in London
Like many bedouns (stateless Arabs) he is the descendant of nomadic Bedouin tribes which for centuries roamed freely across what is now Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan and Iraq.
FALLING THROUGH CRACKS
Probing the origins of statelessness is a lesson in world history and geography.
In many cases, groups failed to be included when their countries became independent or drew up a new constitution. Many Kuwaiti bedouns fell through the cracks when the country became independent in 1961, and the Roma in Europe have faced major problems in obtaining citizenship in the new countries that emerged after the breakup of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.
Manly said the UNHCR is closely watching the secession of South Sudan. It is also scrutinizing the drafting of Nepal's new constitution amid fears millions there could end up stateless.
A major factor behind statelessness is often racial or ethnic discrimination. Syria, for example, denationalized many Kurds in 1962 and Mauritania expelled around 75,000 Black Mauritanians in 1989.
Stateless people are vulnerable to exploitation, including slavery and prostitution, and risk arbitrary detention. Their lack of identity can make accessing legal help impossible - no one knows how many stateless people are locked up worldwide.
Among the biggest sufferers are children. Open Society Foundations, the George Soros initiative which among other things tries to improve the lives of marginalized people, estimates around five million children globally are stateless, often simply because their parents are.
The 1961 convention stipulates signatories must grant nationality to a person born in their territory who would otherwise be stateless. Experts say this is key to resolving the problem.
"This is really a crucial principle that needs to be realized if you want to break the cycle of statelessness," said Sebastian Kohn, Open Society's expert on statelessness.
NOT FOR EVERYONE
"It doesn't mean giving nationality to everyone born on your territory. It's just about giving nationality to stateless persons born on your territory."
Kohn also urged governments to abolish citizenship laws which discriminate against women - another big cause of statelessness. In at least 30 countries, mothers cannot pass nationality to their children. If the father is stateless, foreign or absent, the child usually ends up stateless.
There have been some successes. For example, Sri Lanka has amended laws to allow Hill Tamils, descendants of immigrants from India, to obtain nationality. Ukraine has reintegrated Crimean Tartars deported to Central Asia under Soviet dictator Josef Stalin.
AWARENESS GROWING
And experts believe awareness is growing.
"I think states are actually starting to recognize that there is a potential overlap between statelessness and national security issues," Kohn said.
"Obviously, if you disenfranchise people, that can lead to all sorts of social and potentially security issues, and in the worst cases civil war."
In December, the UNHCR will host a ministerial-level meeting where countries will be asked to join the 1961 convention and make pledges to address specific concerns on their territory.
"It's an issue whose time has come," said Maureen Lynch, a consultant to the International Observatory on Statelessness.
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